A - Azimuth - .
ACS - 1. Automated Cartographic System -
, , . CAM (2), AMS; - 2. Advanced Cartographic System -
.
A/D - Analog/Digital - -.
ADF - Automatic Direction Finding -
.
ADR - Analog Digital Recorder - - .
ADRG - ARC (Arc second Raster Chart/map) Digitized Raster Graphics
CD-ROM, -:
.
ISO 8211, .
RGB- 24 .
ADRG 14 000 1 : 50 000
1 : 5 000 000. ERDAS, ARC/INFO 7.0,
-.
ADRI - ARC Digital Raster Imagery ,
ADRG,
,
DTED I. ADRI
, Zone Distribution Rectangles (ZDR)
1' * 1', ARC
.
AI - Artificial Intelligence - .
AM/FM - Automated Mapping/Facilities Management ,
(, ,
- ).
AMS - Automated Mapping System -
, , . ACS (1), CAM (2).
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
, ,
,
, (
) .
ISO IEC.
ARC - Arc second Raster Chart/map ,
DMA ADRI.
ARCE - ARC/INFO Interchange (xport) format
ESRI Inc.
ARC/INFO .
, ARC/INFO,
.
.
.
ARCG - ARC/INFO Generate format ESRI
Inc. ARC/INFO,
-
.
TIN.
AS - Anti Spoofing - P-
Y-.
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
, 128
.
ANSI.
AS/NZS 4270 - Australian/New Zealand Standard on Spatial Data
Transfer ,
.
SDTS ,
.
ASDTS - Australian Spatial Data Transfer Standard
SDTS,
.
, ,
.
.
ISO 8211.
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
,
SGML
(Standard Graphics Markup Language), SDTS.
AT - Atomic Time - .
ATKIS - Amtliches Topographisch-Kartographisches Informationssysteme
- -
-
(de facto ) -
,
(AdV). -
.
AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
, TIROS-1 NOAA.
5 : 580-680, 725-1100, 3550-3930, 10500-11500 11500-12500 .
4 5 .
1100 , - 10 (1024
), 2700 .
AZM - AZiMuth - .
AZRAN - AZimuth and RANge - .
BBS - Bulletin Board System - ,
,
,
.
.
BIL - Band Interleaved by Line
. ,
( BIP)
.
BIP - Band Interleaved by Pixel
. ,
c
( BIL).
BMP - BitMaP, bit map, bitmap, . DIB - ,
, Microsoft.
Windows OS/2. BMP
1, 4, 8 24 .
2, 16, 256 16 . 4- 8-
RLE.
BPI - Bits Per Inch -
.
BPS - Bits Per Second -
.
BSQ - Band interleaved SeQuential ,
9- 8-
CD-ROM. ASCII-,
, , ,
. ,
.
EOF,
.
C/A-code - Coarse Aquisition - , Clear Access -
, Clear Aquisition - , S -
, . PRN.
CAD - 1. Computer-Aided Design ;
(); - 2. Computer-Aided
Drafting , .
CADD - Computer-Aided Design and Drafting
( ).
CAD/CAM - Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing
.
CAM - 1. Computer-Aided Manufacturing
, , ;
- 2. Computer-Aided Mapping ,
, . ACS (1), AMS.
CASE - Computer-Aided Software Engineering -
, CASE-
.
CBS - Community Base Station - .
CC - Configuration of Constellation - .
CCRS - Conventional Celestial Reference System -
.
CCOGIF - Canadian Council on Geomatics Interchange Format (National
Topographic Data Base /La Base nationale de donnees topographiques, NTDB/
BNDT) ,
Geomatics Canada.
.
, CRN (Canadian
Road Network) NTDB.
CD - Compact Disk - - ()
,
; CD-ROM; CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable)
- .-. ; CD-I (Compact Disk-Interactive) - .-.
,
, Philips Sony; CD-ROM XA (CD-ROM
eXtended Architecture) - .-. .
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access -
(GPS) .
CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory -
- 5.25 ( 650 ).
ISO 9660 (Information Processing-Volume and File
Structure of CD-ROM for Information Interchange).
, ,
, ,
, .
CEN - Committee Europeen de Normalization electronigue (European
Standardization Organization) - ()
, ;
ISO.
CEP - Circular Error Probable - .
CFF - Cartographic Feature File ,
(U.S. Forest Service, Geometronics
Service Center)
PBS (USFS Primary Base Series). CFF
0.005", .
CGA - Color Graphics Adapter -
640 * 200 , 16
() 4 ().
CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile -
ANSI/ISO 8632,
ANSI
- .
CGS - Civil GPS Service - GPS.
CGSIC - Civil GPS Service Interface Committee -
GPS.
CIGNET- Cooperative International GPS NETwork -
GPS.
CIO - Conventional International Origin -
.
CMEAS - Continous Measurements - .
CMYK - Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, BlacK - ---
(CMYK-) (
, , ),
CMY- "" (
) .
COGO - Coordinate Geometry -
,
;
.
CORBA - Common Object Request Brokerage Architecture ,
200 -
, .
CORINE - Co-ORdinated INformation on the (European) Environment
,
. -
-
( ,
).
CORS - Continously Operating (GPS) Reference Station -
(GPS).
COSPAR - COmmitee of SPAce Research -
.
CPI - Characters Per Inch -
.
CPU - Central Processing Unit - .
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube - - , .
CSSM - Content Standards for Spatial Metadata
,
FGDC .
,
,
, , ,
.
CSTG - Coordination of Space Techniques for Geodesy and geodynamics
- .
CTG - Composite Theme Grid ,
.
LULC USGS. .
CTRS - Conventional Terrestrial Reference System -
.
DB - Data Base, Database - , .
DBMS - Data Base Management System -
, .
DCW - Digital Chart of the World, DCW/VPF - -
1 : 1 000 000
ONC ( ) GEBCO ( )
ESRI Inc. ()
VPF. ,
-.
CD-ROM .
, DCW
ESRI Inc. ARC/INFO CD-ROM, Microsoft
Encarta CD-ROM.
DD - Double Difference - ()
, . SD,
TD.
DDE - Dynamic Data Exchange -
Windows
OS/2 - ,
.
DEM - Digital Elevation Model(s) 1. , ,
. DTM, DTED; - 2 -
.
,
. DEM 5
DMA, ,
(7.5' * 7.5', 15' * 15', 30' * 30' 1 * 1 ),
, . DEM
, , -,
. DEM
SDTS SDTS .
DEMTS - Digital Electronic Maps Transfer Standard
, 29 .
,
, .
,
.
. .
, ,
, .
DFAD - Digital Feature Analysis Data ,
. .
.
130 , 10-46 .
1 : 200 000 1 : 250 000.
. DFAD 1 DFAD 2,
. DFAD DTED
,
.
DFR - Dual Frequency Receiver - .
DFT - Data Interchange Standard for Cadastral Mapping ,
(Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture National
Land Offices and Mapping Department).
- .
,
.
DGIWG - Digital Geographic Information Working Group -
,
DIGEST.
DGLONASS - Differential GLONASS - .
DGM - Digital Geospatial Metadata ,
(FGDC).
DGPS - Differential GPS - GPS.
DIGEST - Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard ,
(DGIWG).
.
.
. , , ,
- ,
.
ISO 8211.
VPF.
DIME - Dual Independent Map Encoding system, . GBF/DIME
(United States Bureau of the Census),
1980- . , .
,
.
TIGER.
DIRES - Differential Reference Station - -
DGPS.
DLG - Digital Line Graph ,
1980 .
,
, , ,
.
.
, . 3 ,
1 : 24 000, 1 : 100 000 1 : 2 000 000.
.
DLG SDTS.
DLG-E - Digital Line Graph-Enhanced
DLG.
DLMS - Digital LandMass System , DFAD DTED.
DMA - Defense Mapping Agency -
.
DOQ - Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle, . DOQQ
()
. () BIL
BIP 8 .
, -, , ,
. , JPEG.
DOQ ,
DLG . ,
, DLG DEM,
.
DOQQ - Digital Orthophoto Quarter-Quadrangle - . DOQ.
DOS - Disk Operating System - ,
,
. MS-DOS
Microsoft.
DPI - Dots Per Inch -
.
DSM - Digital Surface Model -
( ,
""),
-
. .
DTED - Digital Terrain Elevation Data
,
.
16 .
.
DTM - Digital Terrain Mode - 1. , ,
. DEM (1), DTED; - 2. , .
DWF - Drawing Web Format Autodesk Inc.,
2-
. WHIP! Autodesk Inc.
AutoCAD.
DX90 - (Specifications for the Exchange of Digital Hydrographic
Data - 1990) - S57.
DXB - Drawing Interchange (eXchange) Binary ,
DXF Autodesk Inc.,
. .
13 AutoCAD.
DXF - Drawing Interchange (eXchange) Format
Autodesk Inc., .
,
.
13.
, .
.
E90 - Earth system, 1990 - -90, 1990.
ECDB - Electronic Chart Data Base
,
(IHO).
ED - European Datum - .
EDIFACT - Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce
and Transport - ,
ISO 9735-1987.
EDIGEO - Echange de Donnees Informatisees Geographiques
,
, ,
.
.
(Association Francaise de Normalisation, AFNOR).
EDM - Electromagnetic (Electronic) Measurement -
() .
EGA - Enhanced Graphics Adapter -
640 * 350 ,
8 () 16 () 64- .
EGM - Earth Gravitational Model -
.
E-mail - Electronic mail - ,
,
.
EPS - Encapsulated PostScript - ()
PostScript PostScript
.
EPPL7 - Environmenal Planning and Programming Language, release
7 EPPL7.
(Land Management Information Center, LMIC),
. , .
.
ERDAS - Earth Resources Data Analysis System
,
ERDAS Inc. .
ERP - Earth Rotation and Polar - .
ERS - European Resource Satellite
. ,
, 30
, 26.3 - , 100 .
ESA - European Space Agency - .
ETRS - European Terrestrial Reference System -
.
EUREF - European Reference Frame -
.
EUROGI - European GIS Umbrella Organisation -
, 1993 .
-.
EGII.
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access -
(, GLONASS) .
FFT - Fast Fourier Transform -
.
FGDC - Federal Geographic Data Committee -
,
,
, ;
(SDTS) ( CSSM),
, NSDI.
FICCDC - Federal Interagency Coordinating Committee on Digital
Cartography -
,
.
FIPS - Federal Information Processing Standard(s) -
,
( , SDTS FIPS 173).
(NIST).
FLOPS - Floating-point OPerations per Second -
() ,
FLOPS (MFLOPS).
FTP - File Transfer Protocol, ftp -
TCP/IP,
,
.
GAST - Greenwich Apparent Sideral Time -
.
GBF/DIME - Geographic Base File/Dual Independant Map Encoding
- . GBG/DIME.
GCP - Ground Control Point -
.
GDF - Geographic Data File
CEN TC278 WG VII,
. Philips Bosch,
.
CEN 287.
, ,
.
GDOP - Geometric Dilution of Precision -
, . , HDOP, HTDOP, PDOP, VDOP, TDOP
GEBCO - General Bathimetric Chart of the Oceans - ()
.
GELOP - Geometric Line of Position -
, . LOP.
GEMS - Global Environmental Monitoring System -
, , . GRID.
GeoTIFF - Tagged Image File Format, . DRG
TIFF, ,
.
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory) NASA. 1.0,
1995 ., TIFF 6.0.
.
-. ,
; , ,
.
GIC - GPS Integrity Channel - GPS.
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format -
CompuServe
. CompuServe Inc. 24- ,
RGB 256 , .
64 000 * 64 000 .
LZW.
, ,
.
GINA - GeoVision's General Interchange and Archive Format
.
GIRAS - Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis data files
, LULC.
.
.
, .
, , ,
..
GIS - Geographical Information System -
, .
GKS - Graphical Kernel System - ,
/. GKS
, -
; .
GLONASS - , , .
.
GMS - Ground Monitoring Segment - ()
GPS.
GMST - Greenwich Mean Sideral Time - .
GMT - Greenwich Mean Time - .
GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite System -
.
GPPS - Global Positioning Postprocessing Software -
GPS .
GPS - Global Positioning System - ,
. .
GPST - GPS Time - GPS.
GRIB - GRIdded Binary (GRid in Binary) protocol
.
(World Meteorological Organization).
,
,
(, , ,
..).
GRID - Global Resource Information Database - -
, ,
(GEMS) .
GRS-80 - Geodetic Reference System, 1980 -
1980 . .
GT - Geodetic Triangulation - , . .
H - Horizontal - , .
HAINS - High Accuracy Inertial Navigation System -
, . INS.
HDOP - Horizontal Dilution of Precision -
, . . , GDOP, HTDOP, PDOP, VDOP,
TDOP
HFA - Hierarchical File Architecture -
ERDAS Inc.,
ERDAS IMAGINE. .
MIF ERDAS IMAGINE.
HPGL - Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language - Hewlett-Packard
, .
HPPS - High Precision Positioning Service - .
HSI - Hue/Saturation/Brightness - () --
(
), () ( );
RGB- CMYK-.
HTDOP - Horizontal and Time Dilution of Precision -
, . , GDOP,
HDOP, PDOP, VDOP, TDOP
HTML - HyperText Markup Language - ,
- (teg),
- WWW.
(, , ..) ,
:
WWW - , .. HTML SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup Language - ),
(ISO) ISO-8879 1986 . 1997
. W3 Consortium,
150 , HTML 3.2.
-,
50 ; HTML
. HTML
-. ,
HTML.
HTTP - HyperText Transfer (Transport) Protocol - ,
,
TCP/IP. "
" WWW, : , ,
.
IAG - International Association of Geodesy -
, .
IAU - International Astronomical Union -
, .
IAT - International Atomic Time - .
IBIS - Image-Based Information System file format
( ),
IBIS,
-.
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
(Multimission
Image Processing Laboratory) NASA.
, , .
. VICAR.
ICA - International Cartographic Association -
, ,
ACI (Associacion Cartographique Internationale).
ICRF - IERS Celestial Reference Frame - IERS .
ICSU - International Council of Scientific Unions -
, , ,
.
IEC - International Electro-technical Commission -
, ,
, ,
,
ISO.
IEF91 - Israel Exchange Format
, (Survey of Israel).
IERS - International Earth Rotation Service -
.
IFIP - International Federation for Information Processing -
,
.
IGES - Initial (International) Graphics Exchange Standard (Specification)
-
,
(NIST). .
IGN(-F) - Institut Geographique National (of France) -
,
,
(BDTopo BD Carto), ,
.
IGS - International GPS Geodinamics Service -
GPS.
IGU - International Geographic Union - ,
, 1922 .
IHB - International Hydrographic Bureau -
(IHO), IHO, - .
IHO - International Hydrographic Organisation -
,
, .
.
IMW - International Map of the World on the million scale -
1 :1 000 000 ,
.
INS - Inertial Navigation System -
INS GPS,
3- , . ,
L1 L2.
INTERLIS - Data Exchange Mechanism for Land Information Systems
,
,
(Swiss Directorate of Cadastral Surveying).
.
.
.
IRON - Inter Range Operational Number -
GPS.
ISFF - Intergraph Standard File Formats
Intergraph DGN, IGDS (Interactive Graphics Design System),
Microstation.
1990 ., 1994 .
,
.
. .
ISO - International Standards Organization -
, , ,
. 1946 ., - .
ISO 8211 Information processing - Specification for data descriptive
file for information interchange ISO 8211.
1985 .
(SDTS, NTF, S-57, ADRG, ASDTS, DIGEST )
. ISO 8211 -
, ,
.
, .
,
( )
. ,
. ,
- . ISO 8211
. , ,
, . ISO 8211
,
. 3
:
, , ,
. , ,
(DDR) ,
(DR). (header)
,
.
(DDR)
, , ( ).
ISU - International System of Unites - .
ITC - International Training Centre -
(Institute
for Areal Survey and Earth Sciences) (. ),
, , ,
, .
ITRF - IERS Terrestrial Reference Frame - IERS .
IUGG - International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics -
, .
JD - Julian Date - .
JERS - Japanese Earth Resources Satellite - (FUYO-1).
18
75 . ,
.
JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group -
-
, JPEG
()
DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). 1991 .
JPEG . JPEG
JFIF JPEG-TIFF.
BMP. 16
32 .
,
.
.
.
K - Kilobyte, KB - , . .
L1, L2 - L-band GPS carrier frequency - GPS L1=1575,42
, L2=1227,6 .
LAN - Local Area Network - () , .
Landsat - . .
Landsat MSS - . .
Landsat TM - . .
LCD - Liquid-Cristal Display - , -
, - (),
.
-
.
LED - Light-Emissing Diode - ,
,
.
LFC - Large Format Camera - ,
.
LFO - Local Frequency Oscillator - , . LO.
LIS - Land Information System, . ,
.
L/L, LAT/LON - Lattitude/Longitude - /.
LMIC - Land Management Information Center -
- EPPL7,
LMIC (. , ).
LO - Local Oscillator - , . LFO.
LOP - Line of Position - . , GELOP.
LPI - Lines Per Inch - .
LULC - Land Use and Land Cover file ,
,
ESIC.
1 : 100 000 1 : 250 000. ,
,
.
LZW - Lampel-Ziw-Welch - --
, (, c)
, GIF TIFF.
M - Megabyte, MB - , . .
MACDIF - Map and Chart Data Interchange
,
. (), , ,
.
MAGR - Miniaturized Airborne GPS Receiver -
GPS .
MAN - 1. Metropolitan Area Network - () ,
; , , () ; -
2. Medium Area Network - , ( ).
MB - MegaByte, M - , . .
MBR - Minimum Bounding Rectangle, . MER - ,
,
( ) , ,
;
.
MCS - Master Control Station -
GPS.
MER - Minimum Enclosing Rectangle, . . MBR.
Meteosat ,
(S)
.
-.
MIADS - Map Information Assembly Display
,
(USDA Soil Conservation Service).
. .
ARC/INFO.
MIDI - Musical Instruments Digital Interface -
.
MIF - Machine Independent Format - -
- ERDAS Inc.,
ERDAS IMAGINE.
MIF/MID - MapInfo Data Interchange Format
MapInfo Corp., MapInfo
. ,
, .
.
(, ..).
MIM - Map Image Metafile ,
(4.2) 1996 .
,
.
(, .)
( , .)
MIPS - Million of Instructions per Second, mips - ()
, .
MOEP - Ministry of Environment and Parks/Digital Map Data Format
,
(Ministry of Environment and Parks) .
, .
MOSS - Map Overlay and Statistical System export file -
MOSS ,
.
30 .
(U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Land Management).
MPEG - Moving Pictures Expert Group -
()
DCT (Discrete Cosine
Transform)
/.
. ,
, .
.
(), .
MPC - Multimedia Personal Computer - ,
,
, , , ,
CD-ROM, , MIDI-
Windows.
MS - Monitor Station - GPS.
MSL - Mean Sea Level - .
MSS - MultiSpectral Scanner (Multispectral Scanning System) -
,
, . .
MST - Moscow Standard Time - .
NAD - Nort American Datum -
.
NAD-27 - Nort American Datum - 1927 ?
1866 . Meales Ranch, Kansas.
NAD-83 - Nort American Datum - 1983 ?
WGS-84, GRS-80.
NANU - Notice Advisory to NAVSTAR -
NAVSTAR.
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration -
, .
NAVD29 - North American Vertical Datum - 1929.
NAVD88 - North American Vertical Datum - 1988.
NAVSAT - NAVigation SATellite -
.
NAVSTAR - Navigation Satellite Timing nd Ranging, . GPS.
NBS - National Bureau of Standards -
NIST.
NDGDF - National Digital Geospatial Data Framework -
" ".
NES - National Standard for the Exchange of Digital Geo-referenced Information
,
- (South
African National Land Information Services).
.
NGRC - National Geodetic Reterence System -
.
NGS - National Geodetic Survey - ().
NGVD-29 - National Geodetic Vertical Datum, 1929.
NICCa - Norma de Intercambio de Cartografia Catastral
(1 : 500, 1 : 1 000,
1 : 5 000) (National Sistema
de Informacion Geografica Catastral, SIGCA).
(Centro de Gestion Catastral Spain).
NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology -
NBS (National Bureau of Standards),
FIPS.
NMAS - National Map Accuracy Standards
.
NMEA - National Marine Electronic Association -
z
GPS .
NNSS - Navy Navigation Satellite System -
, . TRANSIT.
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 1.
, , . - 2.
.
98,89 ,
, .
AVHRR.
NOSO - NAVSTAR Operation Support Office -
NAVSTAR.
NOTIGEO - Norma de Trasferencia de Informacion Geografica
- (1 : 25
000, 1 : 1 000 000),
(Instituto Geografical Nacional).
.
NSDI - National Spatial Data Infrastructure -
(Information Superhighway).
(FGDC)
NDGDF.
NSRS - National Spatial Reference System -
z GPS.
NTAD - National Transportation Atlas Data Bases
(U.S. Department of Transportation).
NTF - National (Neutral) Transfer Format
(British Standard BS 7567),
.
(Working Party to Produce National
Standards for the Transfer of Digital Map Data).
(OS). ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
de facto, , .
OCR - Optical Character Recognition -
,
,
.
OCS - Operational Control System (Control Segment) -
GPS, .. .
OGIS - Open Geodata Interoperability Specification
Open Geodata Consortium,
,
. CORBA.
(,
, , ), .
,
; .
,
.
OLE - Object Linking and Embedding - ()
,
Microsoft. OLE-
, , ,
..
ONC - Operational Navigation Chart ()
1 : 1 000 000 (DMA, );
DCW.
OPNET - OPeration NETwork -
NNSS.
OS - 1. Ordnance Survey - -
; - 2. Operating System -
, .
PADS - Positioning and Azimuth Determining System -
(),
, ;
.
P/B/D - Place/Bearing/Distance - //.
PC - Personal Computer - , , ,
.
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International (Interface) Association
- () ()
-,
, .
P-code - Precision/Protected code -
GPS , . PRN.
PCX
, Zsoft Corporation.
(24- ),
, 256 , 24-
RGB, 64 000 * 64 000 .
CMYK- HSI-, .
.
, ,
-.
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant - ,
, - -
( ) ()
(OCR).
, . , - , Windows
for Pen Computing .
PDOP - Position Dilution Of Precision -
, . . , GDOP, HDOP, HTDOP, VDOP, TDOP
PIC - Picture Image Compression - ()
,
Lotus Development Corp.
PLGR - Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver -
GPS.
PN - Pseudo Noise - ,
POPS - Post Processing Software - .
POS - Position - .
PostScript ,
, Adobe Systems.
de facto
. , EPS.
ppm - parts per million -
: 1 ppm - 1 1 .
PPS - Precise Positioning Service - ,
. L1, L2 P-.
PRN - Pseudo Random Noise - (), .
, . C/A- , P-, S-code, .
PS - Power Supply - .
QA - Quality Assurance - .
QC - Quality Control - .
QI - Quality Improvement - .
QP - Quality Planning - , .
R - Range - .
RAIM - Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
.
RAM - Random Access Memory - ,
, .
RDBMS - Relational DataBase Management System, Relational DBMS, RDBMS
- , .
RGB - Red-Green-Blue - , ,
(RGB-, RGB-),
.
RINEX - Receiver Independent Exchange Format
GPS-, ,
(Astronomical Institute
of the University of Berne) EUREF 89,
. EUREF
(, 1995)
.
3 : Observation Data File, Navigation
Message File, Meteorological Data File.
: , , , ,
..
RLE - Run-Length Encoding - .
RM - RangeMeter - .
RMSE - Root Mean Square Error - ().
ROM - Read Only Memory - , .
RPF - Raster Product Format (CADRG - Compressed ARC Digitized Raster
Graphics) ,
.
.
RS - Remote Sensing - .
RTDGPS - Real Time DGPS - DGPS .
RTK - Real Time Kinematics - .
RTCM - Radio Technical Comission for Maritime Services -
SC-104, ,
DGPS,
RTCM SC-104.
S - Satellite - .
S57 - (IHO Transfer Standard for digital hydrographic data (Special publication
No. 57)) - DX90
(IHO),
.
,
.
, .
SA - Selective Availability -
,
GPS.
SAIF - Spatial Archive and Interchange Format
,
.
. , (Surveys
and Resource Mapping Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Crown Lands).
,
-.
.
, , , ,
.
SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar - ,
.
SARSAT - Save And Ranging SATellite - .
SAS - Statistical Analysis System -
-
, SAS Institute Inc.
S-code - Standard code - , . C/A-code,
. PRN.
SD - Single-Difference - () , .
, DD, TD.
SDTS - Spatial Data Transfer Standard (Specification) - ()
FIPS 173.
29 1992 .
SDTS .
,
,
. .
,
, .
SDTS ,
.
:
,
. ,
34 , , , 5 :
, , ,
.
ISO 8211.
, . SDTS
CSSM. ,
, .
, SDTS
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
RGB CMYK .
, ,
, ,
. SDTS ,
(),
.
(Topological Vector Profile
TVP), .
Seasat -
, ,
, .
, ,
. . 1978 .,
, .
SGS - Satellite Geodetic System - ,
. .
SI - System International - .
SIF - Standard Interchange Format -
.
, , .
SL - Sea Level - .
SLF - Spatial Load Format ,
Oracle SDO.
Oracle Corp.
SLS - Sea Level Surface - .
S/N - Signal/Noise - /.
SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio - / ,
,
; GPS .
SOSI - Samordnet Opplegg for Stedfestet Informasjon
(ISBN 82-90408-72-2),
.
(Norwegian Mapping Authority).
, , .
SPDFDM - Standard Procedure and Data Format for Digital Mapping
,
, .
() (Japanese Geographical
Survey Institute) ,
.
SPOT - Satellite Probatoire pour l'Observation de la Terre (Systeme pour
l'Observation de la Terre), Spot
, . .
SPS - Standard Positioning Service -
C/A-, GPS.
SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science -
, , ,
-
SAS Systat.
SQL - Structured Query Language -
,
"-".
.
SQL/MM - Structured Query Language, MultiMedia Extention
, SQL.
ISO 1993 .
, -.
.
, ,
, ; .
SSH - Sea Surface Height - .
SV - Space Vehicle - , .
SVF - Simple Vector Format ,
.
SoftSource Inc. ,
- .
. Netscape
Navigator SVF
(Plug-in) SoftSource Inc.; ,
.
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array - VGA
VGA,
1024 * 768 , 256.
SXF - Storage and eXchange Format
, ,
,
( 3.0).
,
.
, , ,
, .
T - Time - .
TAI - International Atomic Time.
TB - Terabyte - , , . .
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol -
/ ,
,
. 60- .
(DARPA)
ARPAnet. TCP/IP UNIX,
. TCP/IP
. TCP/IP 4
( - ): ,
, ;
( IP, ICMP, IGMP),
; (TCP, UDP),
- ; .
- Telnet, FTP,
HTTP, SMTP. TCP/IP
IP-, 32 ; ,
. 255.
. ;
- .
-. IP- ,
, (Dial-Up IP) SLIP
(Serial Line Internet Protocol -
, - ); ,
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol -
; SLIP),
IP- .
IP- 128 ,
.
TD - Triple-Difference - () , , SD, DD.
TDOP - Time Dilution of Precision -
, . . , GDOP, HDOP, HTDOP, PDOP, VDOP.
TIFF - Tagged Image File Format - ,
.
Aldus Corporation. : .
(CCITT,
LZW, JPEG).
. TIFF
bitmap: - ,
. :
.
, .
6 GeoTIFF.
TIGER - Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
System , 1980 .
,
.
, ,
: ,
, , ,
. 1990 . (TIGER/Line
Precensus File), 1994 .
( 1 1994 .). TIGER
, -, ,
, .
TIN - Triangulated Irregular Network -
,
, ,
, , .
TM - Thematic Mapper - " "
(Landsat TM),
30 (
Landsat MSS), . .
TRANET - TRAcking NETwork - TRANSIT.
TRANSIT - NNSS, . .
TRIM - Terrain Resource Information Management
, DMDF .
. ().
TSSDS - Tri-Service Commission Spatial Data Standard ,
Tri-Service CADD/GIS 1993 .,
.
. ,
.
,
, , (1
: 24 000)
, (1 : 4 800,
1 : 600).
UNIX, Unix - ,
() .
70 . - PDP-11 DEC.
C.
OC - .
X-Window.
Unix TCP/IP UUCP
(Unix-to-Unix Copy Program), .
Unix - . Unix
( ) . Unix
, .
Unix IBM PC- -
BSD ( ), Solaris ( SunSoft), UnixWare
(Novell), Linux.
URL - Universal Resource Locator -
,
, , ,
: http - Web-, ftp - ftp-, news -
Usenet () ..
USGIC - United States GPS Industry Council - GPS .
USGS - United States Geological Survey -
- .
UT - Universal Time -
, ; UT0,
, UT1 -
UT2 - UT1
.
UTC - Universal Time Coordinated -
UT , UTC,
1 , UT1 0,7 ;
30 31 , .
UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator projection -
. ,
,
. .
1 60, 180 ..
500 000 .
- 0 , 10 000 000
. .
- 0,9996 .
80 .. - 84 ..
8. 80 .. C X,
O I .
VDOP - Vertical Dilution of Precision - ,
. , GDOP, HDOP, HTDOP, PDOP, TDOP.
VDU - Visual Display Unit - , .
VGA - Video Graphics Adapter (Array) -
640 * 480 2 16 256.
VICAR - Video Image Communication And Retrieval image processing system
CD-ROM
( ),
Voyager Magellan, VICAR.
VICAR
, , ,
.
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
(Multimission
Image Processing Laboratory), NASA ( 3.01).
. BSQ,
BIL, BIP. , , , 800 * 800
, 8 .
: , , ,
.
, .
VPF - Vector Product Format, . VRF ,
.
.
1992 .
.
.
DCW.
VR - Virtual Reality - . .
VRF - Vector Relational Format, . VPF.
VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language -
,
WWW . HTML,
SGML. VRML 2.0 .
- ,
3D- ( -) VRML. VRML-
VRML-
. VRML Web-
http://www.3dsite.com/, http://www.sdsc.edu/vrml/default.htm.
WAIS - Wide Area Information Server -
-
( ).
WAN - Wide Area Network - , ()
, .
WDB-II - World Data Bank II -
1 : 3 000 000 ( WDB-I 1 : 12 000
000).
WGS-84 - World Geodetic System 1984 -
1984 . GPS, 1988 . WGS-72.
WMF - (Microsoft) Windows MetaFile - MS-Windows
Microsoft
Windows. MS-Windows.
Microsoft Corp. Windows-.
Intel little-endian.
WORM - Write Once Read Many -
.
WSSR - Weighted Sum of Squared Residual -
, . .
WWW - World Wide Web - ,
(. ).
WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get - ,
.
XGA - eXtended Graphics Array -
,
1024 * 768 256 .
Y-code - P-, . GPS.
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